Which factors influence an athlete's maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max)?

The correct choice identifies multiple factors that influence an athlete's maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max), which is a critical indicator of aerobic fitness and overall cardiovascular efficiency. VO2 max is influenced by several physiological and environmental factors that each play a significant role in determining an individual’s aerobic capacity.

Genetics is a key factor as it determines the inherent potential for physical fitness and endurance, influencing how well the body can utilize oxygen. Age also plays a significant role; generally, VO2 max decreases with age due to physiological changes, such as reduced cardiac output and muscular efficiency. Training status indicates the level of physical conditioning or fitness attained through regular aerobic exercise, with trained athletes typically having higher VO2 max values compared to untrained individuals, as consistent training enhances cardiovascular and muscular adaptations.

Gender impacts VO2 max due to physiological differences such as muscle mass and hormonal variations, where males often exhibit higher values than females, primarily due to larger lung volumes and higher hemoglobin levels that carry oxygen. Additionally, body composition affects VO2 max, as higher levels of lean muscle mass can improve oxygen transport and utilization during exercise.

These combined factors create a comprehensive view that reflects an individual’s ability to consume and utilize oxygen during high-intensity activities, underpinning why choice C is